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O 































A Brief History of the 
On-Site Inspection Agency 

by MSgt David M. Witlford, USAF 



A Reference Report 
January 1997 

Published by the On-Site Inspection Agency 
U.S. Department of Defense 






























































A Dayton Agreement inspection in Bosnia, May 1996. 
The team, under the auspices of the OSCE, inspected an 
artillery unit near Tuzla. The commander of OSIA’s Euro¬ 
pean Operations Command, Colonel Kenneth D. Guillory 
(left), led the team, which also included Lieutenant Colonel 
McNamara from the Republic of Ireland (right). 


A Brief History of the 
On-Site Inspection Agency 

by MSgt David M. Willford, USAF 


A Reference Report 
January 1997 

Published by the On-Site Inspection Agency 
U.S. Department of Defense 


UfK / 

. vS 

, I/J && 

, , j??7 

Published by the 
On-Site Inspection Agency 
Office of History 
201 West Service Road 
P.O. Box 17498 
Dulles International Airport 
Washington, DC 20041-0498 
U.S.A. 

Telephone: (703) 810-4433 
FAX: (703) 810-4389 
e-mail: pat.harahan@osia.mil 


Director 

On-Site Inspection Agency 
Brigadier General Thomas E. Kuenning, Jr., USAF 

Publisher 

Dr. Joseph P. Harahan, Historian 
Design 

Bob Coleman and Tom Pearlman 
Layout 

Tom Pearlman 
Printing 

Reynaldo Ovahe 




Contents 


A Brief History 

1 

Key Personnel 

15 

Operating Locations 

19 

Chronology 

21 

Seal of the On-Site Inspection Agency 

33 

Treaties and Agreements 

35 

Further References 

41 


OSIA Web Site 


43 







1 


A Brief History of the On-Site Inspection Agency 


A Brief History 


B ased on the concept “Trust but Verify”, the Intermediate-Range 
Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty signed by President Reagan and Soviet 
General Secretary Gorbachev on December 8, 1987, included provisions for on¬ 
site inspections to verify the destruction of all intermediate-range nuclear missiles. 
The treaty called for the elimination of an entire class of weapons, specifically 
ground-launched ballistic missiles and ground-launched cruise missiles with a range 
of between 500 and 5,500 kilometers. Under the inspection protocols, on-site 
inspectors from each country would monitor compliance with the terms of the 
INF Treaty. The United States government had no agency to implement these on¬ 
site inspections. On January 15, 1988, President Reagan signed National Security 
Decision Directive 296, instructing the Secretary of Defense to establish a new 
organization responsible for INF Treaty inspections. Eleven days later, the Secretary 
of Defense established the On-Site Inspection Agency (OSIA), a separate operating 
agency reporting to the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition. This created 
the Agency only on paper, however, with no personnel yet assigned. 

Brigadier General Roland Lajoie, United States Army, became the first Director 
of the On-Site Inspection Agency on February 1, 1988. He was joined a week 
later, on February 8, by the Agency’s initial cadre of 40 military and civilian personnel. 
With the assignment of this initial group, OSIA took up residence at its first home, 
temporary offices in the Buzzard Point section of southeast Washington, DC. The 
first group of Army officers had experience serving in Pershing II battalions, or as 
military attaches in the USSR, or as officers in the U.S. Military Liaison Mission 
in Berlin. The first Air Force officers had served in ground-launched cruise missile 
(GLCM) wings, or had spent time as attaches in the Soviet Union. United States 
Navy and Marine Corps officers and enlisted personnel had trained and served as 
military attaches, line officers, and language specialists. In addition, a few of the 
officers assigned to the new OSIA had been part of the ten-man Joint Chiefs of 
Staff task force which set out the Agency’s roles and missions prior to its 
establishment, or had assisted with the final INF Treaty negotiations in Geneva, 
Switzerland. 


ON-SITE INSPECTIONS 
r UNDER THE INF TREA TY 



INF Treaty History 


The first inspection team chiefs had Russian language skills and small-unit 
command experience. These skills and experiences proved important in conducting 
inspections, particularly during the first phase, which set precedents and developed 
many of the procedures used in later INF inspections. These team chiefs assisted in 
selecting the rest of the teams, testing, interviewing and choosing the linguists, 
technical specialists, and others to fill out the teams. Among the initial cadre of 
enlisted members were a large proportion of Russian linguists, who would serve 











7TTXT 


2 


A Brief History of the On-Site Inspection Agency 


as translators on United States inspections in the Soviet Union, and as escorts of 
Soviet inspectors in the United States. The Agency’s first order of business consisted 
of planning for the training of United States teams to conduct inspections in the 
Soviet Union, along with preparing for escorting Soviet inspectors visiting American 
INF sites in the United States and Europe. Prior to the treaty entering into force, 
OSIA conducted mock inspections in the United States and Europe to develop 
the inspection procedures that teams would use once the actual INF Treaty 
inspections began. 

Following treaty ratification by the United States and Soviet legislatures, President 
Reagan and General Secretary Gorbachev exchanged the articles of ratification during 
a June 1,1988, summit meeting in Moscow. With this, the treaty went into effect. The 
inspections would not begin for another 30 days. Baseline inspections confirmed the 
inventory of treaty-limited missiles and equipment. On July 1, the first U.S. baseline 
inspection was conducted at Rechitsa, USSR, with General Lajoie acting as a team 
member. Continuous portal monitoring inspections also began on this date, with a 
United States OSIA team monitoring the missile plant at Votkinsk in the Soviet Union, 
where the SS-20 intermediate-range ballistic missile had been manufactured. 
Simultaneously, a Soviet team monitored a rocket motor factory in Magna, Utah, 
which had previously built the first stage of the Pershing II missile. Within a matter of 
weeks, the Soviet Union and the United States began to eliminate their stockpiles of 
intermediate-range missiles, with inspectors observing all eliminations. The Soviet Union 
conducted its first elimination on July 22,1988, destroying an SS-20 missile at Kapustin 
Yar. The United States eliminated a Pershing I rocket motor as its initial elimination on 
September 8, 1988, at the Longhorn Army Ammunition Plant in Texas. 



INF elimination 


Eliminations continued for three years, until May 1991, with the United States 
destroying 846 intermediate-range missiles and the Soviet Union destroying 1,846 
missiles stipulated by the INF Treaty. The final United States elimination took place on 
May 6,1991, at Longhorn, Texas, while the last Soviet elimination occurred on May 12 
at Kapustin Yar. Although all of the weapons systems covered by the INF Treaty had 
been destroyed, the treaty stipulated that portal monitoring and periodic short-notice 
inspections would continue for another ten years, verifying that neither side rebuilt its 
intermediate-range nuclear forces. During the elimination phase of the INF Treaty, the 
On-Site Inspection Agency gained several new responsibilities and moved into a new 
headquarters. The move to its current location at Dulles International Airport took 
place in February 1989. 

In May 1990, President Bush directed an expansion of the OSIA mission to prepare 
for inspections under several new arms control treaties. The new tasking called for the 
Agency to plan for inspections to support the Conventional Armed Forces in Europe 
(CFE) Treaty, the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START), two nuclear test 
agreements - the Threshold Test Ban Treaty (TTBT) and the Peaceful Nuclear 
Explosions Treaty (PNET), and various chemical weapons agreements including the 
Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC). Although none of these agreements had yet 
entered into force, several were in the final stages of negotiation and the Bush 
administration wanted to ensure that the United States would have the immediate 
capability of meeting the on-site inspection and escort provisions of these treaties once 
they entered into force. 











3 


V Brief History of the On-Site Inspection Agency 


On June 1, 1990, President Bush and General Secretary Gorbachev signed 
new protocols to two nuclear testing treaties: the Threshold Test Ban Treaty and 
Peaceful Nuclear Explosions Treaty. The Threshold Test Ban Treaty and Protocols 
were ratified by both the United States Senate and the Supreme Soviet by November, 
and they entered into force on December 11,1990. In June 1990, OSIA inspectors 
also took part in the first visits under its new mission of monitoring chemical 
weapons agreements. Under Phase I of the Wyoming MOU (Memorandum of 
Understanding), the United States and the Soviet Union began a series of reciprocal 
visits to each other’s chemical weapons facilities. The same month, June 1990, the 
two countries signed the Destruction and Non-Production Agreement, a bilateral 
accord which set a schedule to reduce the chemical stockpiles of the United States 
and Soviet Union and prohibited the further manufacture of chemical warfare agents. 
Meanwhile, negotiations for the CFE Treaty were in the final stages in the summer 
and fall of 1990. The leaders of 22 nations, including the U.S., USSR, Germany, 
France, and Great Britain, signed the treaty in Paris, France, on November 19, 
1990. Later, the breakup of the Soviet Union and Czechoslovakia expanded the 
number of CFE Treaty parties to 30. Under the CFE Treaty, parties agreed to 
reduce the level of military equipment stationed in Europe. Unlike the INF Treaty, 
reductions under the CFE Treaty did not eliminate all weapons in any category. 
Rather, the treaty specified ceilings on equipment such as tanks, armored combat 
vehicles, artillery, aircraft, and helicopters. The On-Site Inspection Agency’s role 
in the CFE Treaty involved on-site inspection teams verifying the amount of 
equipment in use, monitoring the reduction of equipment declared excess under 
the treaty, and escorting the Warsaw Pact inspection teams inspecting U.S. military 
sites in Western Europe. Inherent in this charter was the requirement to closely 
interact with NATO Headquarters and conducting liaison activities at American 
facilities located on the territory of other NATO nations. 



TTBT signing 


While INF inspections, and preparations for inspections under these new 
treaties, continued in late 1990 and early 1991, the On-Site Inspection Agency 
underwent a change of leadership. In late January, General Lajoie, who had been 
selected for promotion to Major General during his tenure at OSIA, departed for 
a new assignment. Brigadier General (later promoted to Major General) Robert 
W. Parker, United States Air Force, became Director, OSIA on January 25,1991. 


Due to the expansion of the OSIA charter, the Agency grew in size. When the 
Agency dealt almost exclusively with the INF Treaty, it grew from the initial cadre of 40 
people in February 1988 to 241 people at the end of 1990. Preparations for multiple 
treaty responsibilities caused the Agency to more than double in size during 1991, 
reaching 517 personnel by the end of the year. The CFE Treaty accounted for much of 
this manpower increase. With the large number of inspections that CFE would require, 
the fact that the multilateral CFE Treaty had six official languages, and the possibility 
of multinational inspection teams, OSIA found that it would need additional team 
chiefs, linguists, inspectors, and liaison officers. The CFE mission caused an especially 
large growth in the Agency’s European detachment, with OSIA-Europe growing from 
20 to 120 people. Other treaties required additional specialists and increased support 
personnel, so the Agency continued to grow. During 1992, OSIA manning passed the 
600 mark, and by the end of 1996, the Agency had over 840 civilians and military 
personnel assigned worldwide. 








A Brief History of the On-Site Inspection Agency 



CFE Treaty 


In February 1991, inspection and escort teams from the United States and the 
Soviet Union met to coordinate the first monitoring of a nuclear test under the 
Threshold Test Ban Treaty. This TTBT mission involved a Soviet team monitoring 
an American nuclear test. After one United States test in 1991 and another in 
1992, both monitored by on-site teams from the former USSR, the national leaders 
of Russia and the U.S. placed a moratorium on all nuclear tests. President Clinton 
extended the United States moratorium until September 30, 1995, and Russian 
President Yeltsin agreed to extend the Russian moratorium to the same date. In 
July 1995, the two national leaders extended the moratorium indefinitely. While 
neither country has conducted tests since, the treaty and its protocols remain in 
effect should the moratorium end. 

In May 1991, the OSIA began conducting mock inspections in Western Europe 
and the countries of the former Warsaw Pact, to prepare for the CFE Treaty, which 
had not yet entered into force. These mock inspections would continue for a year, 
reaching a total of about 100 by the time the CFE Treaty entered into force, and 
the actual inspection regime began. The treaty began provisional application on 
July 17, 1992, and officially entered into force on November 9, 1992. 

The Agency gained yet another mission on June 7, 1991, when the National 
Security Council tasked the OSIA with inspection and escort responsibilities under 
the Vienna Document of 1990. These inspection duties continued under the Vienna 
Document of 1992, signed on March 24,1992, and the Vienna Document of 1994, 
signed on December 5,1994. The Vienna Document, which currently includes the 
participation of 52 nations, stipulated the exchange of military force information 
among treaty countries, periodic inspections of forces, and on-site monitoring of 
large-scale military movements or exercises. 


On July 11,1991, the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition added another 
mission, making OSIA the Department of Defense (DOD) Executive Agent 
responsible for supporting inspections conducted by the United Nations Special 
Commission on Iraq. This multi-national UN commission was set up to ensure 
that Iraq fulfilled its post-war commitments under UN Resolution 687 to eliminate 
its weapons of mass destruction. The On-Site Inspection Agency coordinated 
Department of Defense support to the Special Commission, which included 
linguists, weapons experts, surveillance flights, and staff personnel. 

President Bush and President Gorbachev signed the START Treaty on July 
31,1991. This agreement mandated a substantial reduction in the strategic arsenals 
of the United States and the Soviet Union, providing for, among other things, a 
substantial reduction in the number of intercontinental ballistic missiles and nuclear 
warheads for both countries. The On-Site Inspection Agency would train and deploy 
inspection and escort teams to observe the elimination of START Treaty-limited 
items, perform continuous portal monitoring, and conduct short-notice inspections 
to confirm the reduction of Soviet strategic nuclear forces. 

Three weeks after the START signing, a group of hard-line Communists in 
the Soviet government attempted to overthrow President Gorbachev. Although 
the coup failed, its repercussions led to the abolishment of the Communist Party 
















5 


\ Brief History of the On-Site Inspection Agency 


and the collapse of the Soviet Union. In early December, the emerging independent 
states of Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus formed the Commonwealth of Independent 
States (CIS). Within a matter of weeks, the Commonwealth of Independent States 
consisted of ten nations. During these turbulent times, implementation of arms 
control treaties continued, with START exhibition inspections conducted at sites 
in the United States and Soviet Union between September 1991 and February 
1992, and with INF Treaty inspections, including portal monitoring, continuing 
without interruption. 

The collapse of the Soviet Union caused widespread economic and social 
problems throughout the former Soviet republics. In response to the suffering, the 
United States provided humanitarian assistance in the form of food and medical 
supplies. The On-Site Inspection Agency supported this humanitarian mission, 
called Provide Hope, which was conceived by Secretary of State James Baker in 
January 1992. In less than three weeks, OSIA teams were in the states of the former 
Soviet Union preparing to distribute food and medicines. Due to its large staff of 
Russian linguists and the experience gained conducting treaty inspections in the 
Soviet Union, General Colin Powell, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, selected 
OSIA to coordinate the distribution effort in Russia and the other former Soviet 
republics. The first phase of Provide Hope lasted from February 10 to February 26, 
1992. The On-Site Inspection Agency deployed 38 people in 12 teams, and they 
distributed over 2,200 tons of food and medical supplies to 25 cities. A second, 
larger, phase involved 120 people from OSIA, who helped distribute over 25,000 
tons of humanitarian aid to 28 cities in the former Soviet Union between April and 
August of 1992. During Phase II, much of the distribution was handed over to 
private charitable organizations such as CARE. Agency participation in the third 
phase of Operation Provide Hope consisted of 68 people in 25 teams, who assisted 
the State Department in coordinating the distribution of aid from October 1992 
to September 1993. Phase III of Provide Hope distributed over 43,000 tons of 
food, medical supplies, and other aid, in addition to setting up 1,000-bed Army 
hospitals to supply medical care. This third phase was more centralized, with aid 
delivered to Moscow and then distributed to the outlying areas of the former Soviet 
Union. Aid to the former Soviet Union continued after Provide Hope III ended, 
but private organizations accomplished the local distribution of supplies while the 
State Department coordinated the shipment of aid into the region. Personnel of 
OSIA continued to assist in the humanitarian effort, but the maturing of the 
distribution system led to increased efficiency and allowed it to proceed with a 
much smaller scale of OSIA involvement. Phase IV of Operation Provide Hope, 
from October 1993 to September 1994, involved 13 teams from OSIA, with a 
total of 35 people helping to distribute aid in seven locations. 



START 


The United States entered into another treaty, with tasking for the OSIA, on 
March 24, 1992. The Open Skies Treaty, which allowed monitoring overflights of 
its signatory nations, was signed by 24 nations in Helsinki, Finland. The On-Site 
Inspection Agency officially received responsibility from the National Security 
Council for conducting Open Skies flights on November 24,1992. The Air Force’s 
55th Wing provided the OC-135B observation aircraft, a modified WC-135B, 
which had served as a weather observation platform, and was then outfitted 















6 


A Brief History of the On-Site Inspection Agency 



Chemical Weapons 


specifically for Open Skies missions. The On-Site Inspection Agency played a role 
in planning the missions and would have treaty-knowledgeable personnel aboard 
the aircraft for overflights. 

That same year, the CFE Treaty entered into force. On the date of its provisional 
entry into force July 17,1992, the CFE Treaty’s 120-day baseline inspection period 
began. Two days later, the OSIA conducted its first inspection under the CFE 
Treaty at Buy, Russia. The first inspection of United States forces by members of 
the former Soviet Union took place on August 14,1992, at Giebelstadt, Germany. 
In the 120 days of the baseline period, the United States, through OSIA, conducted 
44 inspections of other nations’ military assets in Europe, while U.S. military 
installations in Europe received 23 inspections by teams from Eastern European 
CFE Treaty nations. 

January 1993 brought even further expansion of the OSIA role, with the START 
II Treaty signed by President Bush and Russian President Yeltsin on January 3 and 
the United Nations Chemical Weapons Convention signed by more than 120 nations 
on January 13. Eventually, the number of CWC signatories reached 160. The START 
II Treaty had inspection and escort protocols which OSIA would implement for the 
United States. On July 30,1993, Brigadier General Gregory G. Govan, United States 
Army, replaced General Parker as Director of the On-Site Inspection Agency. In 
addition to its numerous treaty missions, the OSIA also fulfills other duties, such as 
training U.S. Forces Korea in preparation for on-site inspections under any future 
nuclear treaty that South Korea and North Korea should enter into. OSIA has also 
provided Russian linguists to assist in many national exchange programs, especially 
the military-to-military efforts with Russian armed forces. 


The bulk of the Agency’s inspection activities during 1993 and 1994 involved 
the CFE Treaty, and the continuing INF Treaty on-site inspections: portal 
monitoring and short-notice. The massive numbers of treaty-limited equipment 
slated for reduction under the CFE Treaty ensured that the United States (OSIA) 
would conduct many CFE reduction inspections over the first years of the treaty. 
The reduction period began on November 13,1992, with completion of the baseline 
inspection period. It would last three years. At the end of the first year, treaty 
parties agreed to eliminate 25 percent of their treaty-limited equipment, with 
requirements of 60 percent at the end of the second year, and 100 percent the third 
year. All signatories met the 25 percent goal when the first reduction year ended in 
November 1993, and as the second reduction year ended in November 1994, the 
parties met the 60 percent reduction goal with only small discrepancies by two 
countries in one class of equipment, while these same countries were well ahead of 
schedule in reducing other classes of treaty-limited equipment. The number of 
inspections conducted by all 30 signatories to the treaty neared 1,000. By November 
1996, OSIA had conducted over 273 inspections under the CFE Treaty, and United 
CFE equipment inspection States forces in Europe had received over 70 inspections by other treaty parties. 

Several significant events took place during these inspections. Starting in the 
baseline period, the United States included members from other NATO nations 
on its inspection teams. The dissolution of the Warsaw Pact and finally the collapse 
of the Soviet Union changed the assumptions underlying treaty implementation. 



















A Brief History of the On-Site Inspection Agency 


The Cold War treaty structure of NATO versus the Warsaw Pact had become 
obsolete. East European nations sought to participate in CFE inspections of their 
neighboring states. They did so, joining inspection teams from many NATO nations. 
In September 1994, the OSIA included for the first time Russian personnel in a 
United States-led CFE inspection of Romania. 

In the fall of 1991, after the signing of the START Treaty, President Gorbachev 
of the Soviet Union requested Western assistance in dismantling the Soviet nuclear 
arsenal. President Bush agreed to provide U.S. assistance in the storage, 
transportation, dismantling and destruction of Soviet nuclear weapons. The 
governments of the United Kingdom, France, Germany, and Italy also agreed to 
help the Soviet Union reduce its arsenal. A few months later the Soviet Union 
collapsed, separating into 15 independent states, four of which - Russia, Ukraine, 
Belarus and Kazakstan - possessed nuclear weapons. Although these four new 
nuclear states agreed to abide by the Soviet Union’s START Treaty obligations 
through the Lisbon Protocol of May 1992, political uncertainty in the new nations 
raised concerns about the ability of the former Soviet states to control their nuclear 
weapons, fissile material, and nuclear technology, along with their chemical weapons 
stockpiles. The United States, through Nunn-Lugar Public Law 102-228, 
established the Cooperative Threat Reduction (CTR) Program. The program 
provided equipment and technical assistance to the former Soviet republics for use 
in the destruction and demilitarization of chemical and nuclear weapons covered 
by various treaties, and also provided U.S. assistance in the demilitarization of 
defense industries in the former Soviet Union, and in the safeguarding and disposal 
of fissile materials. For Fiscal Year 1994 the Nunn-Lugar legislation allotted 400 
million dollars to assist in transportation, storage, safeguarding, and destruction of 
nuclear and other weapons of mass destruction. The On-Site Inspection Agency 
would play a supporting role in Cooperative Threat Reduction, with OSIA personnel 
escorting CTR equipment to sites within the former Soviet Union, and auditing 
and examining the use of the equipment to ensure it was being utilized for its 
intended purpose. 

In 1993 and 1994, OSIA also continued work on the Defense Treaty Inspection 
Readiness Program (DTIRP). Under the treaties, principally START, Open Skies, and 
the various chemical weapons agreements, civilian businesses involved in the defense 
industry were liable to visits by foreign inspection teams. The treaties allowed monitoring 
of plant portals, aerial surveillance, and on-site inspection. The Department of Defense 
instituted DTIRP to ensure that the United States could meet its treaty responsibilities 
while also ensuring that private industries could protect their non-treaty-related classified 
or proprietary information. The program provided vulnerability assessments and other 
technical advice from many different government agencies to assist contractors in 
preparing for treaty on-site inspection teams or other types of treaty monitoring. The 
Agency received responsibility under this program in June 1992, and since then the 
OSIA has assisted civilian businesses in planning and preparing for intrusive inspection 
under the existing arms control treaties and agreements. 

The United States and Russia conducted a series of chemical weapons 
inspections in the second half of 1994 under Phase II of the Wyoming 
Memorandum of Understanding. This phase of the agreement consisted of an 



ICBM removal from silo 














8 


A Brief History of the On-Site Inspection Agency 



C\N inspections participant 


updated detailed declaration of CW facilities, programs, and holdings followed by 
a series of ten inspections of chemical facilities, five for each country. The first 
United States Phase II inspection in Russia took place from August 21-27, 1994, 
when OSIA’sTeam Morris inspected the Pochep chemical weapons storage facility. 
The next month, from September 25-30 1994, Russia conducted the first of its five 
Wyoming MOU inspections at the Pine Bluff Arsenal in Arkansas. The complete 
series of inspections ended in December, with Russia's final inspection taking place 
from November 28 through December 2,1994, at the Dugway Proving Ground in 
Utah, and the United States final inspection at Cheboksary from November 29 
through December 15,1994. Colonel Darryl Kilgore, U.S. Army, led the team that 
conducted the final U.S. Wyoming MOU Phase II inspection in Russia. 


In a dramatic, secret operation in late 1994, the On-Site Inspection Agency took 
part in the transfer of weapons-grade nuclear materials from Kazakstan to the United 
States. The Kazakstan government agreed to transfer its highly enriched uranium to 
the U.S. for safekeeping, in exchange for an undisclosed amount of foreign aid from 
the United States. The operation, dubbed Project Sapphire, took place from October 
8 through November 21, 1994. Over 600 kilograms (about 1,300 pounds) of highly 
enriched uranium were transferred from Kazakstan to the Oak Ridge National 
Laboratory in Tennessee. The concept originated in Kazakstan, which requested 
U.S. assistance in safeguarding and disposing of their nuclear materials. The On- 
Site Inspection Agency deployed a four-person contingent, led by Commander 
Paul T. Shaffer, U.S. Navy. They were part of the U.S. Government's 31-person 
Project Sapphire team. Team Shaffer provided logistic and linguistic support to 
the larger overall team, most of whom worked for the Department of Energy and 
Martin Marietta Energy Systems, a Department of Energy contractor. They 
accomplished the actual collection, handling, and packaging of uranium. In early 
October, the U.S. team deployed to Ust-Kamenogorsk, Kazakstan, where they 
packaged the highly enriched uranium for shipment at the Ulba Metallurgical Plant. 
Project Sapphire Three C-5 Galaxy aircraft from the Air Mobility Command transported the 

uranium, non-stop for security reasons, from Ust-Kamenogorsk to Dover AFB, 
Delaware. The final leg of the trip to Oak Ridge was by truck. 



A significant portion of the Agency's efforts in 1995 involved implementation 
of the START Treaty. Preparations for START implementation, which had begun 
shortly after the treaty's signing in 1991, increased in late 1994 as the treaty neared 
entry into force. The On-Site Inspection Agency conducted its fifth round of mock 
inspections during 1994, including a large-scale “Mega Mock” at Minot Air Force 
Base, North Dakota. The United States invited representatives of the other four 
START Treaty nations' inspectorates to the “Mega Mock” to observe U.S. inspection 
procedures for both heavy bombers and intercontinental ballistic missiles. 


The three and one half year delay from signature to entry into force of the 
START Treaty was the result of larger historical forces. Following the Soviet Union’s 
collapse as a nation in December 1991, two and one half years passed before the 
five signatory nations’ legislators could complete debate and ratify the treaty. As 
agreed in the Lisbon Protocol of May 1992, Kazakstan, Belarus, and Ukraine stated 
that they would become non-nuclear states by ratifying the Nuclear Non- 
Proliferation Treaty. Kazakstan and Belarus agreed to the Lisbon Protocol, START 














A Brief History of the On-Site Inspection Agency 


Treaty, and the NPT Treaty in 1992 and 1993, respectively. Then, after considerable 
delay, Ukraine acceded to the Non-Proliferation Treaty as a non-nuclear state on 
November 16, 1994, clearing the final stumbling block to entry into force. While 
attending the CSCE Summit Meeting in Budapest, Hungary, on December 5, 
1994, President Clinton met with President Yeltsin of Russia, President Kuchma 
ot Ukraine, President Nazabaev of Kazakstan, and Prime Minister Kebish of Belarus 
and they exchanged the instruments of ratification for the START Treaty. This 
formal exchange signaled the beginning of treaty implementation. 

The START Treaty entered into force on December 5, 1994, and the first 
implementation actions involved establishing continuous portal monitoring at 
missile assembly factories in Russia and Ukraine. A little more than a month after 
entry into force, on January 12, 1995, OSIA teams began continuous portal 
monitoring activities under the START Treaty at missile assembly factories in 
Votkinsk, Russia, and Pavlohrad, Ukraine. Under the INF Treaty, American portal 
monitoring operations at the Votkinsk Machine Building Plant, an SS-25 ICBM 
facility, had been in effect since 1988. Consequently, OSIA’s existing portal 
monitoring detachment assumed START as well as INF Treaty responsibilities. 
Since there was no preexisting American monitoring operation at the Pavlohrad 
Machine Plant, OSIA had the mission of establishing a new continuous portal 
monitoring operation there. On January 12,1995, OSIA Director Brigadier General 
Gregory G. Govan led a 26-member team which established the START Treaty 
continuous portal monitoring operations at Pavlohrad, Ukraine. This was a major 
operation, involving the transport, erection, and continuous operation of technical 
monitoring equipment, on-site facilities, and storage areas for logistical supplies. 
More than 140,000 pounds of equipment and supplies had to be flown from OSIA’s 
European Operations Command at Rhein Main, Germany to Dnepropetrivsk, 
Ukraine. Then, trucks delivered it to the Pavlohrad factory site. 

From the beginning, OSIA’s monitoring operations at Pavlohrad were 
controversial. On November 14, 1992, Ukraine declared that SS-24 missile 
production had ceased at Pavlohrad. The Ukrainian position, based on Section 
XVI, Paragraph 3 of the START Treaty, was that the portal monitoring operations 
at Pavlohrad should cease not later than May 31,1995. The United States, however, 
viewed that paragraph as increasing the monitoring period at facilities where 
monitoring had begun prior to May 1994, not restricting monitoring. The Treaty 
allowed for portal monitoring for one year after production ceased and the United 
States planned to enforce its Treaty right at the first opportunity. That first 
opportunity came on January 12, 1995. After senior-level, nation-to-nation 
diplomacy however, which included a Summit Meeting in Kiev, President Clinton 
agreed to cease portal monitoring operations at Pavlohrad, in return for certain 
concessions to the United States. These concessions included periodic suspect site 
inspections at Pavlohrad to verify that no new missile production had begun. Under 
this bilateral agreement, the OSIA portal monitoring detachment at Pavlohrad 
ceased operations on May 31,1995. The Agency withdrew all of its equipment and 
personnel over the following 3-4 weeks. 



Pavlohrad flag raising 










10 


A Brief History of the On-Site Inspection Agency 


The next step in implementing the START Treaty consisted of a 120-day 
baseline phase, in which each of the over 100 inspectable facilities would be inspected 
to verify the data declared by each country. The baseline period would last from 
March 1 to June 28,1995. The firstUnited States START Treaty baseline inspection 
took place on March 2, 1995 at the heavy bomber base at Priluki, Ukraine. The 
initial Russian inspection of a U.S. facility occurred on March 5,1995, at Malmstrom 
AFB, Montana. During the entire baseline period, OSIA inspection teams 
conducted 73 inspections at facilities in the former Soviet Union, while the Agency 
escorted CIS teams on 36 inspections of START facilities in the United States. 
The United States and Russia agreed to postpone one baseline inspection because 
of its proximity to fighting in Chechnya. Otherwise, all states completed their 
inspections in the allotted time. The last Russian baseline inspection in the United 
States took place on June 17-18,1995 at Ellsworth Air Force Base, South Dakota, 
while the final United States inspection of a CIS site in the baseline period took 
place at Khmel'nitskiy, Ukraine from June 19-21, 1995. 



The CFE Treaty History 


When the START baseline period ended in late June 1995, the five treaty 
nations began the long-term inspection regime. The post-baseline inspection phase 
permitted several different types of inspections. Data Update inspections monitored 
weapons systems levels at active facilities. Closeout inspections confirmed that all 
strategic offensive arms and support equipment had been removed at sites declared 
eliminated. Other inspections included New Facility, Suspect Site, and Reentry 
Vehicle inspections. These inspections would continue, at varying levels of activity, 
for several years. One month after the end of the START baseline period, the 
Agency welcomed a new Director. On July 28, 1995, Brigadier General Thomas 
E. Kuenning, U.S. Air Force, replaced Brigadier General Govan as Director, OSIA. 

While OSIA inspection teams implemented the START Treaty, other OSIA 
teams continued their inspections under the CFE Treaty. The CFE Treaty’s third 
and final reduction year ended on November 16,1995. At the end of the reduction 
phase, OSIA began implementing the CFE Treaty’s Residual Level Validation 
Period (RLVP). During this phase of the treaty, inspectors from the 30 nations 
carried out an intensified inspection program, which was essentially a second baseline 
inspection of a set percentage of the remaining objects of verification. 

By the time the Residual Level Validation Period ended on March 16, 1996, 
teams from NATO nations had conducted 246 inspections in Eastern Europe. Of 
these, the United States, represented by OSIA, led 38 inspections in countries 
formerly in the Warsaw Treaty Organization. Eastern European teams conducted 
193 inspections in the West, 11 of them at United States installations, accompanied 
by OSIA escort teams. Eastern inspections in Western Europe which did not visit 
U.S. installations, but had the possibility of inspecting U.S. facilities or equipment, 
required OSIA’s European Operations Command to deploy 71 liaison officer 
missions to support 163 inspections. In addition, OSIA contributed over 60 guest 
inspectors to teams led by other nations, including U.S. guest inspectors on five 
Eastern European teams inspecting other Eastern European nations. For OSIA 
European Operations, this level of activity, accomplished in just the 120 days of 
RLVP, corresponded to one year’s worth of declared site and specified area 
inspections. 












11 


A Brief History of the On-Site Inspection Agency 


Following the RLVP, the CFE Treaty moved into its Residual Period, in which 
the treaty nations would maintain their forces at or below the agreed upon levels. 
Some issues, almost all a consequence of the breakup of the Soviet Union, remained 
unresolved as the treaty moved into its residual period. The treaty, signed when the 
Soviet Union was one nation instead of 15 separate countries, could not have 
anticipated the changes that would occur in Europe over the intervening years. 
Most important was the “flank issue,” concerning disposition of forces in outlying 
zones in the north and south of the former Soviet Union. Russia and Ukraine 
wanted an adjustment to flank levels which would give them more flexibility to 
deploy forces within national borders. The issue had been debated between the 
CFE parties for years, but it was not until the first CFE Treaty Review Conference, 
held in Vienna from May 15 through May 31, 1996, that the signatory nations 
could agree to a complex compromise solution. Essentially, the participants agreed 
to a redrawing of the maps for military districts in the flank regions in return for 
increased monitoring of CFE sites and forces stationed there. Other issues discussed 
at the review conference included verification of reductions east of the Urals, and 
modernization of certain provisions of the treaty to better reflect the post-Cold 
War situation in Europe. 



Reduced CFE equipment 


In the spring of 1996 when the CFE Treaty’s Residual Level Validation Period 
was ending, OSIA became involved with another conventional forces mission 
monitoring forces in the Balkans. A vicious, bloody civil war had raged in Bosnia 
and Herzegovina since 1992. While the origins of the war involved the dissolution 
of Yugoslavia as a state, the fighting and killing occurred primarily in Bosnia. From 
1992 through 1995, approximately 200,000 people were killed or missing in this 
Bosnian civil war, which forced over 3 million people from their homes. In late 
1995, a U.S.-led peace initiative, called the Dayton Agreement, led to: a cease-fire, 
the imposition of new, internationally sanctioned inter-entity boundary lines, the 
deployment of a 60,000-man multinational army of peacekeepers, the 
Implementation Force (IFOR), and provisions for arms control and arms reduction 
in the region. At a formal ceremony in Paris, France, in December 1995, the Dayton 
Agreement was signed by three parties, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, the 
Republic of Croatia, and the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina. 
In addition, the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina consisted of two entities, the 
Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Republika Srpska, bringing the 
number of participating groups to five. The United States, Great Britain, France, 
Germany, and Russia constituted a “contact group” to facilitate the Dayton 
Agreement. 



CFE equipment inspection 


The Dayton Agreement’s Annex 1-B, the Agreement on Regional Stabilization, 
called for the parties in Bosnia and the region to develop transparency and arms 
control regimes. The first of these new agreements, mandated by Article II of Annex 
1-B, resembled the confidence and security building measures of the Vienna 
Document. The other agreement, mandated by Article IV of Annex 1-B, resembled 
a smaller version of the CFE Treaty. It called for the parties in the region to set 
force limitations and reduce equipment to reach these new force levels. Both of 
these agreements would require on-site inspections. The Organization for Security 
and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) led Article II inspections, whose teams 
















12 



Bosnia inspection team 



Bosnian equipment 


A Brief History of the On-Site Inspection Agency 


included both OSCE personnel and representatives of the parties. For Article IV 
inspections, the parties themselves led the teams and provided most of the inspectors; 
OSCE provided personnel as assistants when requested. In late February 1996, the 
Department of Defense formally assigned OSIA the mission of supporting OSCE 
inspection activities under the Dayton Agreement. 

Negotiations for the Article II agreement began on January 4,1996, and reached 
a successful conclusion on the 26th of that month. The Republic of Bosnia and 
Herzegovina and the two entities, the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and 
the Republika Srpska, agreed that a 120-day baseline period for Article II inspections 
would begin on March 1, 1996. However, internal circumstances and a general 
lack of preparedness prompted a delay, and the inspections did not actually begin 
until later that month. Inspections began on March 11 and continued for a week, 
when difficulties caused the concerned parties to consider these first missions as 
training inspections. The OSCE briefly delayed full implementation to give the 
Bosnian parties additional training and to resolve inspection details. The United 
States led one of these training inspections, when on March 18-21 a team led by 
OSIA’s Colonel Thomas Carraway inspected Vlasenica and Sekovichi in the 
Republika Srpska. Shortly thereafter, the Article II baseline inspections resumed. 
When the baseline ended on June 28,1996, OSCE nations had led 29 missions in 
Bosnia, which inspected 86 sites. Of this total, OSIA personnel led five missions, 
which involved twelve separate inspections. 

The Article IV agreement took longer to reach, since it involved the more 
complex issues of force reductions and a longer Dayton-prescribed negotiating 
period instead of the simpler confidence building agreement of Article II. Article 
IV talks began on January 5, 1996, in Vienna and concluded with the signing of 
the Agreement on Sub-Regional Arms Control on June 14 in Florence, Italy. Unlike 
the Article II inspection regime, the parties in the region had responsibility for 
conducting all inspections, with OSCE nations providing experienced treaty 
inspectors as inspection team assistants rather than team leaders. To help prepare 
the parties for Article IV inspections, the United States and Germany provided 
training in Germany for inspectors of the three nations, the Federal Republic of 
Yugoslavia, the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the Republic of Croatia, 
along with the two entities, the Republika Srpska and the Federation of Bosnia 
and Herzegovina. Experienced CFE inspectors, provided by the United States OSIA 
and the British, French and German verification agencies, provided training for 
the parties from July 14-20,1996, first at classroom sessions in Frankfurt and then 
with training inspections at Grafenwohr. In all, the course trained over 30 inspectors 
from the five parties to the Sub-Regional Arms Control Agreement. 

The baseline period for Article IV inspections began on July 1 and ended on 
October 31,1996. After this, the parties entered the reduction period, which began 
on November 1 and is scheduled to run until October 31, 1997. In this year, the 
parties will reduce their armaments to reach agreed maximum force levels. The 
On-Site Inspection Agency provided its first assistants to an Article IV inspection 
from September 1-7, 1996. On this inspection, OSIA provided assistants both to 
the Federation ol Bosnia and Herzegovina inspection team, and to the Republika 
Srpska escort team. 

































13 


\ Brief History of the On-Site Inspection Agency 


While these events in Europe unfolded, diplomatic activity continued for several 
other treaties affecting OSIA. First, on January 26,1996, the United States Senate 
gave its advice and consent on the START II Treaty. By the end of 1996, however, 
Russia’s parliament had still not ratified START II, so implementation continued 
to be delayed. A significant new treaty, the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) 
was opened lor signature at the United Nations on September 24, 1996. President 
Clinton signed the treaty for the United States at the UN General Assembly session 
that opened it for signature. Within two months, 134 nations had signed this treaty, 
with more expected to follow suit. Lastly, the Chemical Weapons Convention 
reached its “trigger-point" for entry into force. The 65th signatory nation, Hungary, 
deposited its instrument of ratification to the CWC on October 31, 1996. This 
began a 180-day countdown towards an entry into force date of April 29, 1997. 
The United States had not yet ratified the CWC, and unless it did so before the 
entry into force date, inspections would start without U.S. participation or 
representation in the governing body of the convention in the Hague, Netherlands. 



Bosnia inspection team 






































A Brief History of the On-Site Inspection Agency 






A Brief History of the On-Site Inspection Agency 


Key Personnel 


DIRECTOR 

(Appointed by U.S. Secretary of Defense, with concurrence of U.S. Secretary of 
State, and approval of the President) 

Brigadier General Roland Lajoie, USA Feb 88 - Jan 91 

(Major General at the time of his departure) 

Brigadier General Robert W. Parker, USAF Jan 91 - Jul 93 

(Major General in March 1991) 

Brigadier General Gregory G. Govan, USA Jul 93 - Jul 95 

Brigadier General Thomas E. Kuenning, Jr., USAF Jul 95 


PRINCIPAL DEPUTY DIRECTOR 

(Appointed by Director, U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency) 
Mr. George Rueckert Feb 88 - Sep 88 

Dr. Edward J. Lacey Sep 88 - Jan 90 

Dr. Joerg H. Menzel Jan 90 - 


DEPUTY DIRECTOR (EXTERNAL AFFAIRS) 

(Appointed by U.S. Secretary of State) 

The position originated as Deputy Director (International Negotiations) with 
the establishment of OSIA in 1988. In September 1991, the office was renamed 
Deputy Director (International Affairs), and in March 1992, was renamed Deputy 
Director (External Affairs). 

Mr. Raymond Smith Feb 88 - Jul 88 

Mr. David A. Pabst Jul 88 - Sep 91 

Dr. Edward M. Ifft Sep 91 - 


DEPUTY DIRECTOR (COUNTERINTELLIGENCE) 

(Appointed by Director, Federal Bureau of Investigation) 

Mr. Edward J. Curran Mar 88 - Oct 90 

Mr. Frank LoTurco Oct 90 - Dec 94 

Mr. Martin V. Hale Dec 94 - 






A Brief History of the On-Site Inspection Agency 


CHIEF OF STAFF 

Colonel Albert Hervey, USA 
Lt Col Albert E. Shively, USMC 
Colonel Robert B. McConnell, USAF 
Colonel Douglas M. Englund, USA 
Colonel James S. Loftus, Jr., USA 
Colonel Ronald P. Forest, USA 
Colonel Brian P. Mullady, USA 
Colonel Paul Fi. Nelson, USA 
Colonel Lawrence C. Rose, Jr., USA 


Feb 88 - Mar 88 
Mar 88 - Sep 88 
Oct 88 - Nov 89 
Nov 89 - May 91 
May 91 - May 92 
May 92 - Feb 93 
Feb 93 - Sep 94 
Sep 94 - Apr 97 
Apr 97 - 


DIRECTORATE FOR OPERATIONS 

One of the original directorates of the Agency when it was established in 1988. 
On March 30, 1992, the directorate was dissolved and its functions split into 
Inspection Operations, Monitoring Operations, European Operations, and the 
Directorate of Plans, Operations, and Training. 

Colonel Robert B. McConnell, USAF Feb 88 - Oct 88 

Colonel Ronald Forest, USA Oct 88 - Mar 92 

ESCORT DIVISION, DIRECTORATE FOR OPERATIONS 

In the original 1988 organizational structure of the Agency, escort duties were 
conducted by the Escort Division of the Directorate for Operations. In the March 
1992 reorganization of the OSIA, the division was dissolved and escort responsibility 
passed to the newly created Inspection Operations Command. 

Colonel Ronald P. Forest, USA Feb 88 - Oct 88 

Colonel Gerald V. West, USAF Oct 88 - Mar 92 


INSPECTION OPERATIONS COMMAND 

Originally established in 1988 as a subordinate element under the Operations 
Directorate, called the Inspection Division. On March 30, 1992, it was separated 
from the dissolved Operations Directorate and renamed Inspection Operations, 
with status as a command. 


Colonel Serge A. Chernay, USAF 
Captain David E. Olsen, USN 
Colonel Nils Wurzburger, USAF 
Captain John C. Williams, USN 
Colonel John Hadley, Jr., USAF 
Colonel Eugene A. McKenzie, Jr., USA 
Captain Nicklous J. Ross, USN 
Colonel James N. Dean, USAF 


Feb 88 - Apr 88 
May 88 - Apr 90 
Apr 90 - Sep 90 
Sep 90 - Mar 92 
Mar 92 - Dec 93 
Dec 93 - Jul 94 
Jul 94-Jul 95 
Jul 95 - 






17 


A Brief History of the On-Site Inspection Agency 


EUROPEAN OPERATIONS COMMAND 


Originated in 1988 as the Field Office, Europe, it was later designated as the 
European Division of the Operations Directorate; on December 1, 1990, made a 
stand-alone directorate and redesignated as OSIA-Europe; and on March 9,1992, 
redesignated as European Operations with the status of a separate command. 


Colonel John Fer, USAF 
Colonel Frederick E. Grosick, USAF 
Colonel Lawrence G. Kelley, USMC 
Colonel William R. Smith, USAF 
Colonel Kenneth D. Guillory, USA 


Apr 88 - Jun 90 
Jun 90 - Oct 91 
Oct 91 - Jan 92 
Jan 92 - Jan 95 
Jan 95 - 


MONITORING OPERATIONS COMMAND 

Formed as a separate directorate called the Portal Monitoring Directorate in 
1988, on December 11, 1990, the directorate was made subordinate to the 
Operations Directorate and redesignated as the Portal Monitoring Division; then 
on March 23, 1992, was given status as a command, redesignated as Monitoring 
Operations, and separated from the former Operations Directorate. On 10 May, 
1996, the Monitoring Operations Command was inactivated. Its personnel, assets, 
and functions were transferred to the Inspection Operations Command. 


Colonel Douglas M. Englund, USA 
Colonel George Connell, USMC 
Colonel Laurence K. Burgess, USMC 
Colonel Mike Semenec, USA 
Colonel Klaus M. Mullinex, USA 
Lt Col Albert F. Burnett, USAF (acting) 
Colonel Walter L. Bunyea, USA 
Lt Col Michael J. Krimmer, USAF 


Feb 88 - Oct 89 
Oct 89 - Sep 90 
Sep 90 - Dec 91 
Dec 91 - Apr 94 
Apr 94 - Jul 95 
Jul 95 - Aug 95 
Aug 95 - Feb 96 
Feb 96 - May 96 


DIRECTORATE OF PLANS, OPERATIONS, AND TRAINING 


Originated in 1988 as the Scheduling, Plans, Analysis, and Training Division 
under the Operations Directorate. Replaced in July 1989 by the Operations 
Management Division, remaining under the Operations Directorate. Replaced by 
an organization called the Director for Operations Staff by December 1990. In 
early 1991, the Director for Operations Staff dissolved, with the Current Operations 
Branch; Operations Center; Plans, Requirements 6c Scheduling Branch; Analysis 
Branch; and the Training Branch functioning as separate staff offices. These and 
other functions reorganized under the Directorate of Plans, Operations, and 
Training, which was formed as a separate directorate on March 30, 1992. 

Colonel Frederick E. Grosick, USAF Mar 92 - Feb 94 


Colonel Gary E. Heuser, USA 
Mr. Mark A. Munson, Sr. (acting) 

Lt Col (P) William K. Doty, Jr., USAF 


Feb 94 - Jan 97 
Jan 97 - Apr 97 
Apr 97 - 






A Brief History of the On-Site Inspection Agency 


DIRECTORATE OF RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 

Established as one of the original directorates of OSIA in 1988, with the 
designation of the Directorate for Support; on March 9, 1992, it was redesignated 
as the Directorate of Logistics; and on February 18, 1993, it was redesignated as 
the Directorate of Resource Management. 

Colonel Stephen A. Huff, USAF 
Mrs. Lidia Davidson 
Colonel Alan D. Duff, USAF 
Colonel James J. Bumgardner, USAF 

DIRECTORATE OF PERSONNEL 

Originally managed by a division within the Directorate of Resource 
Management, the Personnel function was transferred to a newly created Directorate 
of Personnel on June 5,1995. Most manpower functions were transferred from the 
Office of the Comptroller to this new directorate. 

Colonel Mason H. Beckett, Jr., USAF Jun 95 - July 96 

Colonel Lawrence C. Rose, Jr., USA July 96- Apr 97 


Aug 88 - Aug 92 
Aug 92 - May 94 
May 94 - Aug 95 
Aug 95 - 


OFFICE OF THE COMPTROLLER 

When the OSIA was established in February 1988, financial services were 
provided by personnel on temporary duty from other DOD agencies, with the 
OSIA funding administered by the Defense Nuclear Agency. In June 1988, 
permanent OSIA financial positions were created, with a Comptroller Office placed 
under the Resource Management Division, which became part of the Directorate 
for Support in August 1988. The Comptroller function operated as a liaison with 
DNA financial managers until 1990, when the OSIA gained control over its own 
budget. With this, the Comptroller Division was estabhshed, gaining coequal status 
with Resource Management as a division of the Directorate for Support. The role 
of Acting Comptroller was shared by various individuals until June 1991, when the 
first official Comptroller was hired. On March 9,1992, the Office of the Comptroller 
left the Directorate for Support and was elevated in status as a separate directorate. 

Major Leon W. Hutton, III, USA Feb 89 - Dec 90 

Mr. Myron K. Kunka Jun 91 - 






19 


A Brief History of the On-Site Inspection Agency 


Operating Locations 


Headquarters, OSIA - Dulles International Airport, Washington DC 

Inspection Operations Command - 

Dulles International Airport, Washington DC 

Inspection Operations Command Detachment San Francisco - 
Travis AFB, California 

Magna Portal Monitoring Facility - Magna, Utah 
European Operations Command - Rhein Main AB, Germany 
Inspection Operations Command Detachment Japan - Yokota AB, Japan 
Votkinsk Portal Monitoring Facility - Votkinsk, Russia 
Arms Control Implementation Unit - U.S. Embassy, Moscow, Russia 
Arms Control Implementation Unit - U.S. Embassy, Almaty, Kazakstan 
Arms Control Implementation Unit - U.S. Embassy, Kiev, Ukraine 
Arms Control Implementation Unit - U.S. Embassy, Minsk, Belarus 



OSIA Headquarters at Dulles International Airport, Washington, DC 





















A Brief History of the On-Site Inspection Agency 






21 


A Brief History of the On-Site Inspection Agency 


Chronology 


1987 

December 8 At the Washington Summit, President Reagan and General Secretary 
Gorbachev signed the Treaty Between the United States of America and the Union 
of Soviet Socialist Republics on the Elimination ofTheir Intermediate-Range and 
Shorter-Range Missiles, commonly called the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces 
Treaty, or INF. The treaty called for the elimination of all United States and Soviet 
ground-launched ballistic and cruise missiles with ranges between 500 and 5,500 
kilometers. 


1988 

January 15 President Reagan directed the Department of Defense to establish the 
On-Site Inspection Agency to meet the on-site inspection requirements of the 
INF Treaty. 

January 26 The Department of Defense officially established the On-Site 
Inspection Agency as a separate operating agency reporting to the Under Secretary 
of Defense for Acquisition. 

February 1 Brigadier General Roland Fajoie, U.S. Army, was appointed as the 
first Director of the On-Site Inspection Agency. 

February 8 The initial cadre of 40 military and civilian personnel joined the OSIA, 
moving into temporary office space at Buzzard Point, Washington D.C. 

April Inspection and escort teams from OSIA began conducting mock INF 
inspections in the United States and Europe to develop procedures to be used 
when the INF Treaty entered into force and actual INF inspections and escort 
duties began. 

June 1 President Reagan and General Secretary Gorbachev exchanged the articles 
of ratification for the INF Treaty, which put the treaty into effect and started a 30- 
day countdown until the first inspection could begin. 

July 1 The United States and the Soviet Union began continuous portal monitoring 
under the INF Treaty, with U.S. inspectors monitoring a Soviet missile plant at 
Votkinsk, Russia, and Soviet inspectors monitoring a missile factory at Magna, 
Utah. 

July 1 A U.S. inspection team led by OSIA, with General Lajoie as a team member, 
conducted the first baseline inspection at Rechitsa, USSR, of Soviet INF facilities. 

July 22 The Soviet Union conducted the first elimination of treaty-limited missiles 



Votkinsk, Russia 













22 


A Brief History of the On-Site Inspection Agency 


under the INF Treaty, destroying an SS-20 missile at Kapustin Yar. Inspectors 
from OSIA observed the elimination. 

September 8 The United States held its first INF elimination, at the Longhorn 
Army Ammunition Plant in Texas, with an inspection team from the USSR 
observing the destruction of Pershing missiles. 

1989 

February 25 The On-Site Inspection Agency relocated to facilities at Dulles 
International Airport outside Washington D.C. 

July 6 The United States completed the elimination of the shorter-range missiles 
covered by the INF Treaty, with the elimination of the last Pershing 1A missile. 

July 12 The On-Site Inspection Agency received its first Joint Meritorious Unit 
Award, covering the period from January 15, 1988 through December 31, 1988. 

July 26 The Soviet Union eliminated its final SS-12 missile, one of the shorter- 
range systems covered by INF. 

August 16 The Soviet Union completed elimination of the SS-5 intermediate- 
range missile banned by the INF Treaty. 

September 23 Secretary of State James Baker and Soviet Foreign Minister Eduard 
Shevardnadze signed the Wyoming Memorandum of Understanding (MOU), 
which called for a bilateral exchange of information and verification inspections 
for chemical weapons. 

October 27 The Soviet Union completed the elimination of its shorter-range 
missiles with the destruction of the last SS-23 missile. 


1990 



CargoScan 


January At the continuous portal monitoring site in Votkinsk, Russia, the United 
States began installing the non-damaging Radiographic Imaging System (RIS, or 
CargoScan), which would image ICBMs exiting the factory to verify that they 
were not SS-20 missiles prohibited by the treaty. 

February Soviet officials objected to various operating procedures for the new 
CargoScan X-ray system, voicing concerns over safety precautions, magnetic tape 
storage, and joint operating procedures. 

March 1 With the CargoScan system installed and operational, the American 
monitoring team at Votkinsk requested to use the new system to image a railcar 
leaving the factory. The Soviets still had objections to some CargoScan operating 
procedures and denied the request, placing the railcar in a building near the plant 
to await a ruling. 

March 9 At Votkinsk, Soviet plant officials removed the railcar which had been set 
aside, along with two other railcars, without allowing the American portal 
monitoring team to image them with the CargoScan system. The U.S. inspectors 
were instead allowed to visually inspect the cars. United States inspectors declared 
an ambiguity and the issue was elevated to senior levels within the U.S. government. 
United States Secretary of State James Baker lodged an official protest with the 


























23 


A Brief History of the On-Site Inspection Agency 


Soviet government, leading the two countries to send delegations to Votkinsk to 
resolve the dispute and agree on new operating procedures. By the end of the month, 
the issue had been resolved to both countries’ satisfaction and the U.S. portal 
monitoring team began imaging railcars with the CargoScan system. 

May President Bush ordered the expansion of the On-Site Inspection Agency and 
assigned the Agency responsibility for planning inspection procedures for several 
proposed treaties: the Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE) Treaty, the 
Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START), the Threshold Test Ban Treaty (TTBT), 
the Peaceful Nuclear Explosions Treaty (PNET) and several chemical weapons 
agreements. 

May 22 The Soviet Union completed the elimination of another system covered 
by INF, with the destruction of the final SS-4 missile. 



INF Treaty 


June 1 President Bush and General Secretary Gorbachev signed protocols to the 
TTBT and PNET, clearing the way for ratification of these nuclear test treaties. 


June 1 The U.S. and USSR signed the Destruction and Non-Production 
Agreement, a bilateral accord which called for the two nations to destroy part of 
their chemical stockpiles and prohibited the further manufacture of chemical 
weapons. 

June The OSIA conducted its first operation under chemical warfare agreements 
added to the Agency’s responsibilities the previous month, visiting Soviet chemical 
facilities under Phase I of the Wyoming Memorandum of Understanding. 

November 19 Twenty-two nations signed the Conventional Armed Forces in 
Europe (CFE) Treaty, which limited the amount of military equipment in Europe. 
The later collapse of the Soviet Union caused the creation of several new republics 
and brought the number of nations participating in CFE to 29. Later, 
Czechoslovakia dissolved into two separate nations to raise the number of CFE 
participants to 30. 

December 11 Following ratification by the United States Senate and the Supreme 
Soviet, the Threshold Test Ban Treaty and the Peaceful Nuclear Explosions Treaty 
entered into force. 


1991 

January 25 Major General Robert W. Parker, U.S. Air Force, became the new 
Director of the On-Site Inspection Agency, replacing Major General Lajoie, who 
departed for a new assignment. 

May The OSIA began conducting mock inspections of United States, NATO, 
and former Warsaw Pact countries’ forces in Europe, preparing for the 
implementation of the CFE Treaty. 

May 6 The United States conducted its final elimination under the INF Treaty at 
the Longhorn Army Ammunition Plant, destroying the last Pershing II missile in 
the U.S. inventory, and the last of the 846 U.S. missiles banned by the Treaty. 

May 12 Inspectors from OSIA observed the final Soviet elimination, with 
destruction of the final SS-20 missile marking the last of 1,846 Soviet intermediate- 
range missiles eliminated. 

June 7 The National Security Council tasked the OSIA with inspection duties for 










24 


A Brief History of the On-Site Inspection Agency 


the Vienna Document of 1990, which called for on-site monitoring of large-scale 
military movements and exercises. 

J 

July 6 An OSIA inspection team conducted the first on-site event under the Vienna 
Document of 1990, an evaluation at Cherkassroye, in the Kiev Military District of 
the USSR. 

July 11 The Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition designated OSIA as the 
Department of Defense Executive Agent for the United Nations Special 
Commission on Iraq. This gave the Agency the mission of supporting inspections 
of Iraqi chemical, biological and nuclear facilities conducted by the United Nations 
Special Commission on Iraq, which was established by UN Resolution 687 with 
the task of ensuring the elimination of Iraqi ballistic missiles and weapons of mass 
destruction. The OSIA coordinated DOD support to the Commission, consisting 
mainly of linguists, weapons experts, surveillance flights, and staff personnel. 

July 31 President Bush and President Gorbachev signed the START Treaty, which 
called for the reduction of strategic nuclear arsenals in the United States and the 
Soviet Union. 



August 19 Hard-line Communists staged a coup in the Soviet Union, ousting 
President Gorbachev. Democratic and reform elements, particularly those led by 
Russian President Boris Yeltsin, thwarted the coup and returned President 
Gorbachev to office. 

September Although START had not yet entered into force, the United States 
and the Soviet Union began conducting exhibition inspections at each other’s 
strategic sites. 

September 13 The first team of Soviet test monitors observed the U.S. underground 
nuclear test HOYA under the Threshold Test Ban Treaty. The On-Site Inspection 
Agency led the escort team. 

November Russia declared a one-year moratorium on all underground nuclear 
testing. In the summer of 1992, following the nuclear test JUNCTION, the United 
States reciprocated, halting further scheduled nuclear tests. The moratoria were 
later extended indefinitely. While this moratorium did away with active monitoring 
of nuclear tests under TTBT and PNET, the treaties remain in effect and the 
OSIA remains ready to resume its nuclear test monitoring and escort duties. 

December 25 Weakening of the Soviet government and the Communist Party, 
accelerated by the aftermath of the failed coup and a collapsing economy, resulted 
in several republics declaring their independence in early December. This caused 
the dissolution of the Soviet Union on Christmas Day. The former Soviet Union 
broke into several republics, most of which became members of the Commonwealth 
of Independent States, a loose alliance which retained ties between these former 
Soviet states while having much less centralized power than the USSR and 
Communist Party had wielded. 


1992 

January Secretary of State James Baker announced Operation Provide Hope. The 
near-collapse of the former Soviet Union’s economy brought hunger to many of 













25 


A Brief History of the On-Site Inspection Agency 


the newly independent republics, which led the United States to provide 
humanitarian relief through Operation Provide Hope. Provide Hope supplied food, 
medical supplies and other needed aid to the former Soviet republics. Due to its 
experience in the Soviet Union, the OSIA was tasked to assist with the delivery 
and distribution of aid. 

February United States Forces, Korea requested OSIA assistance in training 
inspectors and escorts, and planning for on-site inspections, to prepare for possible 
implementation of an arms agreement between North and South Korea. The training 
and preparation began with deployment of small teams to Korea later in the month. 

February 10-26 The On-Site Inspection Agency supported Phase I of Operation 
Provide Hope. The Agency deployed 12 teams, consisting of a total of 38 people, 
to the former Soviet Union to distribute 2,200 tons of food and medical supplies to 
25 cities. 


March 6 A team of Russian test monitors observed the United States underground 
nuclear test JUNCTION under the Threshold Test Ban Treaty. 


March 24 The Vienna Document of 1992 was signed by 51 nations. This agreement 
replaced the Vienna Document of 1990, mandating more stringent requirements 
for exchange of information, inspections of armed forces and monitoring of military 
movements and exercises than those called for by the previous version. 

March 24 Twenty-four nations signed the Open Skies Treaty, which allowed 
information-gathering overflights of participating countries by other signatories. 

April 15 August 31 Phase II of Operation Provide Hope took place. This 
humanitarian aid effort distributed 25,000 tons of food and supplies to 28 cities in 
Russia and other republics of the Commonwealth of Independent States. The OSIA 
contribution to the effort involved 120 people. 

May 13 The On-Site Inspection Agency hosted a State Department-sponsored 
Middle East Regional Security and Arms Control Seminar at OSIA Headquarters. 

May 23 Belarus, Ukraine, Kazakstan, and Russia signed the Lisbon Protocol, with 
the four former Soviet republics with nuclear weapons agreeing to abide by the 
terms of the START Treaty previously entered into by the Soviet Union. 


v 



Provide Hope 


June 25 The OSIA was made responsible for planning and executing the Defense 
Treaty Inspection Readiness Program (DTIRP), a program to ensure protection of 
sensitive non-treaty information while complying with on-site inspections of United 
States facilities by foreign inspection teams. 

July 10 The CFE Treaty nations signed an ancillary agreement, called CFE-lA, 
which set limits on personnel strengths of military forces stationed in Europe. 

July 17 The CFE Treaty began provisional application, and the 120-day baseline 
inspection period began. 

July 19 The On-Site Inspection Agency conducted its first inspection for the CFE 
Treaty, a baseline inspection of Russian conventional forces at Buy, Russia. 

August 8 OSIA inspectors conducted the first CFE reduction inspection at Zossen- 
Wuensdorf, Germany. The reduction involved former Warsaw Pact equipment 
which had remained in Germany following the reunification in October 1990. 











26 


A Brief History of the On-Site Inspection Agency 



CFE reduction 


August 14 The first CFE inspection of U.S. forces in Europe took place, with a 
Russian team inspecting forces stationed at Giebelstadt, Germany. 

September 2-7 The OSIA took part in Open Skies trial flights from Shatalovo 
Air Base near Smolensk, Russia. Observers from several different countries took 
part in the trial flights, which utilized a British CMK1 and a Russian AN-30 
aircraft. 

November 1992 - March 1993 The OSIA deployed personnel to the former Soviet 
Union to assist the State Department in implementation of Phase III of Operation 
Provide Hope, coordinating the distribution of further aid to the former Soviet 
Union. Agency participation in Provide Hope III totalled 68 people in 25 teams, 
who helped distribute over 43,000 tons of aid within the Commonwealth of 
Independent States. 


November 9 The Conventional Armed Forces in Europe Treaty officially entered 
into force. 


November 14 The CFE baseline phase ended. In addition to the baseline 
inspections conducted during the period, OSIA also took part in five reduction 
inspections during the baseline phase. 



November 24 The OSIA officially received tasking for Open Skies Treaty flights. 
The Air Force, through its 55th Wing at Offutt AFB, Nebraska, would provide 
the aircraft and flight crew, but the OSIA would serve as overall manager for United 
States Open Skies missions. 

December 7-10 A group of South Korean Army personnel visited OSIA 
headquarters for orientation to help prepare the Republic of Korea for on-site 
inspection duties should North and South Korea reach an arms control agreement. 

1993 


January 3 President George Bush and Russian President Boris Yeltsin signed the 
START II Treaty, mandating further reductions in the nuclear arsenals of the United 
States and former Soviet Union. 

January 13 Over 120 nations signed the United Nations Chemical Weapons 
Convention. 

April 28 A United States CFE inspection team for the first time included a member 
from a former Warsaw Pact nation. The team included one member from the Czech 
Republic, and inspected Taszar, Hungary. 

June 30 The first Open Skies aircraft, a modified WC-135B redesignated as an 
OC-135B, was delivered to the U.S. Air Force. 

July 30 Brigadier General Gregory G. Govan, U.S. Army, replaced Major General 
Parker as Director of the On-Site Inspection Agency. 

August 6 The United States Senate ratified the Open Skies Treaty. 

October 4 The OSIA received its second Joint Meritorious Unit Award, covering 
the period from January 1, 1989, to July 30, 1993. 














27 


A Brief History of the On-Site Inspection Agency 


November 13 1 he first reduction year under the CFE Treaty ended with all 
signatories meeting reduction liabilities for the period. United States-led teams 
conducted 54 reduction inspections from treaty entry into force through the 
completion of the first reduction year. 


1994 

August 21-27 Team Morris of the OSIA conducted a trial inspection of the Pochep 
chemical weapons storage facility in Russia. This inspection was the first United 
States (or Blue-on-Red) inspection of a Russian chemical warfare facility under 
Phase II of the Wyoming Memorandum of Understanding. 

September 19 Russian inspectors joined on a U.S. on-site inspection team for the 
first time. Lieutenant Colonel Fred E. Busing, USAF, lead a successful CFE declared 
site inspection in Oradea, Romania. 



September 25-30 A Russian team inspected U.S. chemical weapons facilities at OC-135B Open Skies aircraft 
the Pine Bluff Arsenal in Arkansas. This was the first Red-on-Blue inspection 
under Phase II of the Wyoming MOU. 


October 8-November 21 Team Shaffer, consisting of four OSIA members, 
participated in Project Sapphire, the removal of 600 kilograms of highly enriched 
uranium from Kazakstan for safekeeping in the United States. Team Shaffer 
provided linguistic support to the 31-member United States team, which 
consisted of personnel from the Department of Energy and the DOE 
contractor, Martin Marietta Energy Systems, who accomplished the actual handling 
and packaging of uranium. Transportation of the uranium from Kazakstan to the 
United States was provided by the United States Air Force's Air Mobility Command. 


November 13 The CFE Treaty's second reduction year ended, and with minor 
exceptions, all parties had reached the 60 percent reduction goal set out in the 
treaty. The exceptions involved two countries being behind schedule in reducing 
certain types of equipment, while being far ahead of the reduction schedule in 
other types of equipment. 

November 15-17 The United States hosted a large START mock inspection at 
Minot Air Force Base, North Dakota. Informally called a "Mega Mock", the 
inspection involved an OSIA inspection team and an OSIA escort team, and 
included inspecting both heavy bombers and intercontinental ballistic missiles. 
Senior on-site inspectors, including the agency directors, from Russia, Ukraine, 
Kazakstan, and Belarus, observed the mock inspection, along with representatives 
from the United States Joint Staff, Air Staff, and Air Combat Command. 

November 28-December 2 A Russian chemical inspection team, escorted by OSIA 
personnel, conducted an inspection at a declared United States chemical weapons 
development facility, located at Dugway Proving Ground, Utah. This was the fifth 
and last Russian inspection under Phase II of the Wyoming MOU. 



CFE equipment destruction 


November 29-December 15 The last of the five United States inspections of 
Russian chemical facilities allowed under Phase II of the Wyoming MOU took 
place, with Team Kilgore conducting a challenge inspection at Cheboksary. 

December 5 President Clinton, President Yeltsin, President Kuchma (Ukraine), 
President Nazabaev (Kazakstan), and Prime Minister Kebish (Belarus) met in 









28 


A Brief History of the On-Site Inspection Agency 


Budapest, Hungary for a CSCE Summit Meeting. They exchanged the instruments 
of ratification for the START Treaty. On that day the treaty entered into force. 

1995 

January 12 The Agency began continuous portal monitoring at Votkinsk, Russia 
and Pavlohrad, Ukraine under the START Treaty. START monitoring duties at 
Votkinsk were assumed by the existing OSIA contingent which had been conduct¬ 
ing portal monitoring there under the INF Treaty since 1988. The Agency had to 
deploy personnel and equipment to Ukraine in order to establish monitoring at 

.... . .. Pavlohrad, which had not been subject to monitoring; under earlier treaties. 

Chemical Weapons inspection ’ J b 

March 1-June 28 Treaty parties conducted the baseline inspection period under 

START. During the baseline period, OSIA conducted 73 inspections in the former 

Soviet Union and escorted foreign teams on 36 inspections in the United States. 

March 2 The United States conducted the first baseline inspection under START, 
with an OSIA team inspecting a heavy bomber base at Priluki, Ukraine. 

March 5 A Russian team conducted the first START baseline inspection in the 
United States at Malmstrom Air Force Base, Montana. 

May 31 Under a bilateral exchange of Fetters of Policy with Ukraine, the United 
States ceased START portal monitoring at Pavlohrad. Instead of continuing moni¬ 
toring activities, the United States would conduct suspect site inspections at 
Pavlohrad to ensure that the plant no longer produced missiles. 

June 17-18 The final CIS START baseline inspection took place at Ellsworth Air 
Force Base, South Dakota. 

June 19-21 An OSIA team conducted the final inspection of the START baseline 
period at Khmel’nitskiy, Ukraine. 

June 17-23 Germany conducted a series of Open Skies trial flights in the United 
States. The Germans flew observation flights in their Open Skies aircraft, a modi¬ 
fied TU-154M which had formerly served as East German President Erich 
Honecker's presidential aircraft before reunification. This series of trial flights 
marked the first time a foreign aircraft had conducted Open Skies observation 
flights over the United States. 

August 7-11 Team Jubilee from OSIA European Operations conducted two CFE 
mock inspections in Belarus to provide training for both United States and 
Belarussian inspectors. Team Jubilee inspected the 622nd Artillery Training 
Regiment at Pechi and the 50th Air Base at Machulishchi. 

August 13 The Agency completed its move into new headquarters facilities at 
Dulles Airport. The headquarters changed from using portions of three buildings 
at Dulles to all of one building and part of another. The move had been phased in 
over several months to allow for remodeling of new office spaces. 

August 23-25 Inspectors from Belarus conducted CFE mock inspections of U.S. 
forces in Germany. The Belarussian team inspected Ray Barracks in Freiberg and 
Ramstein Air Base. 











29 


A Brief History of the On-Site Inspection Agency 


November 16 I he CFE Treaty’s three year reduction phase ended. In the treaty's 
next phase, the Residual Level Validation Period, OSIA on-site inspection teams 
conducted a second series of baseline inspections confirming the accuracy of national 
reductions, recategorizations, and relocations of military equipment in the 30 treaty 
signatory states. 

December 14 President Alija Izetbegovic of the Republic of Bosnia and 
Herzegovina, President Slobodan Milosevic of the Federal Republic ofYugoslavia, 
and President Franjo Tudjman of the Republic of Croatia signed the Dayton 
Agreement in Paris, formally ending three and one half years of civil war in the 
former Yugoslavia. President Bill Clinton, along with leaders of France, Great 
Britain, Germany, Russia, and the European Union also signed the accord as 
sponsors. The accord included provisions for negotiations on arms control 
procedures. 



START: Arrival at Pavlohrad 


1996 


January 4 The OSIA established the Treaty Management Office in preparation 
for receiving the Department of Defense’s delegation to manage the DOD’s 
compliance and implementation program for chemical weapons agreements. 


January 4 The Bosnia Arms Control Conference began in Vienna. The conference, 
mandated by the Dayton Agreement, was designed to reach agreement on Article 
II confidence and security building measures within the former Yugoslavia. The 
Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (consisting of Bosnian Muslims and Bosnian 
Croats) and the Republika Srpska negotiated with assistance from the Organization 
for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE). 

January 5 Talks similar to the Article II discussions began in Vienna, in an effort 
to reach an Article IV agreement which would set a framework for force limitations 
and reductions. In addition to the parties involved in the Article II talks, these 
Sub-Regional Arms Control Measures negotiations included the Republic of 
Croatia and the Federal Republic ofYugoslavia. 


January 26 The United States Senate gave its advice and consent to the START II 
Treaty, leaving only Russian ratification required before the treaty could enter into 
force. 

January 26 The parties in Bosnia signed an agreement on confidence and security 
building measures, as called for in Article II of the Dayton Agreement. The 
agreement included CSBM provisions similar to the Vienna Document 1994. 

January 26 The Department of Defense delegated management of DOD chemical 
weapons agreement implementation and compliance to OSIA. 

February 9-13 Vienna Document observations were conducted of Implementation 
Force (IFOR) elements in Hungary supporting the peacekeeping operation in 
Bosnia. 



OSCE inspectors in Bosnia 


February 29 The Secretary of Defense assigned the On-Site Inspection Agency 
responsibility for providing support to OSCE inspection activities under the Dayton 
Agreement. 












30 


A Brief History of the On-Site Inspection Agency 


March 1 The 120-day baseline period for Article II inspections in Bosnia began. 

March 11 The first baseline inspections under Article II of the Dayton Agreement 
were conducted in Bosnia. A German-led team inspected in the Muslim/Croat 
Federation, while a French-led team inspected sites in the Republika Srpska. Because 
of the inexperience of the parties in Bosnia in conducting and receiving arms control 
inspections, OSCE decided to count these, and two inspections to be conducted 
the following week, as training missions rather than actual baseline inspections. 

March 16 The CFE Treaty’s Residual Level Validation Period ended. During the 
RLVP, OSIA led 38 inspections in the Eastern group of states, escorted 11 Eastern 
teams on inspections of U.S. facilities in Europe, and provided 71 liaison officer 
teams to protect U.S. interests during 163 inspections of NATO nations’ facilities. 

March 18-21 Team Carraway conducted the first OSIA-led inspection in Bosnia 
under Article II of the Dayton Peace Agreement. The team, led by Colonel Thomas 
Carraway of the European Operations Command, visited two sites within the former 
Yugoslavia, Vlasenica and Sekovichi. Like the French and German-led inspections 
the previous week, this mission was considered as training for the parties in Bosnia. 

May 15-31 Following the end of the Residual Level Validation Period, the 30 
CFE Treaty nations held the first Review Conference in Vienna. While not all 
issues which had arisen since the treaty entered into force were resolved, the Final 
Document of the Review Conference included compromises on the flank issue, 
east of the Urals reductions, and other issues. 

June 14 As required by Article IV of the Dayton Agreement, the parties in Bosnia, 
along with the Republic of Croatia and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, signed 
an Agreement on Sub-Regional Arms Control in Florence, Italy. This new accord 
set limits on forces in Bosnia in much the same way the CFE Treaty did for Europe 
as a whole. 

June 26-28 Team Ritezel from OSIA’s European Operations Command conducted 
the first East of the Urals CFE Treaty reduction inspection. The team visited two 
sites in Russia:, St. Petersburg and Balashikha. 

June 28 In Bosnia, the Article II baseline inspection period ended. During the 

120-day baseline, OSCE teams conducted 29 missions which inspected 86 locations 

in Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Republika Srpska. Of this total, OSIA teams 

. . 0 . led 5 missions, involving a total of 12 sites. 

Discussions in Bosnia ’ & 

July 1 In Bosnia, the baseline period for the Article IV Sub-Regional Arms Control 

Agreement began. 

July 14-20 OSIA’s European Operations Command, in conjunction with Germany, 
hosted training for inspectors from the various parties in the former Yugoslavia, 
preparing them for the upcoming Article IV inspection regime, in which the parties 
in Bosnia would inspect each others’ forces. The week-long session began with 
classroom training in Frankfurt, and then moved on to Grafenwohr for a training 
inspection exercise. 

August 18 The first Article IV inspection took place, with the Republika Srpska 
inspecting in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Experienced CFE Treaty 
inspectors, provided by OSCE nations, assisted both parties in these inspections. 












31 


A Brief History of the On-Site Inspection Agency 


September 1-7 U.S. personnel provided by OSIA’s European Operations 
Command assisted in their first Article IV inspection. In this inspection, two OSIA 
CFE inspectors assisted the inspection team from the Federation of Bosnia and 
Herzegovina, while another assisted the escort team in Croatia. 

September 24 The Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty was opened for signature by 
the United Nations General Assembly. At the session opening the treaty for 
signature, President Bill Clinton signed for the United States. 

October 31 Hungary became the 65 th nation to deposit instruments of ratification 
for the Chemical Weapons Convention. As provided for in the treaty, this started 
a 180-day countdown to entry into force, setting 29 April 29, 1997 as the date of 
EIF, and the beginning of inspections shortly thereafter. The United States Senate 
had still not given its advice and consent to the treaty, however, so OSIA operational 
activities would not begin until the United States ratified the treaty. 

October 31 In Bosnia, the Article IV baseline period ended. 

November 1 The one-year reduction period of the Article IV Sub-Regional Arms 
Control Agreement began. The United States would assist the Article IV parties 
in reducing their weapons and conducting inspections, with OSIA providing the 
United States’ $4 million contribution to the parties to assist in reductions. 

November 15 The Department of Defense delegated OSIA the responsibility for 
managing arms control support for the United States/United Kingdom/Russia 
Trilateral Biological Weapons Agreement. 






A Brief History of the On-Site Inspection Agency 






A Brief History of the On-Site Inspection Agency 


Seal of the On-Site 
Inspection Agency 


On a sphere azure (oriental blue) gridlined in argent an eagle displayed proper 
is grasping an olive branch in dexter talons and a bundle of thirteen arrows in 
sinister talons. Charged upon its breast is the shield of the Coat of Arms of the 
United States proper. All within a white designation band inscribed ON-SITE 
INSPECTION AGENCY at top in black letters and bearing at bottom two silver 
swords with gold hilts crossed at the hilts interlaced with two gold laurel branches; 
edged in gold. 

The globe represents the worldwide importance and implications of the On- 
Site Inspection Agency mission. Blue represents loyalty, fidelity, and constancy. 
The eagle, adapted from the Great Seal of the United States, highlights the 
Presidential involvement and concern with far-reaching ramifications of On-Site 
Inspection Agency’s scope and responsibilities. The swords symbolize the grave 
responsibility to secure world peace. The gold laurel is emblematic of excellence 
and accomplishment; black and white denote precision and explicit adherence to 
agreed precepts. 



OSLA AWARDS 

Joint Meritorious Unit Award January 15, 1988, to December 31, 1988 
Joint Meritorious Unit Award January 1, 1989, to July 30, 1993 




























A Brief History of the On-Site Inspection Agency 






A Brief History of the On-Site Inspection Agency 


Treaties 

and Agreements 


TREATIES IN FORCE 

INTERMEDIATE-RANGE NUCLEAR FORCES TREATY (INF) 

Signed on December 8, 1987, and entered into force on June 1, 1988. Called 
for the United States and Soviet Union to eliminate all intermediate-range nuclear 
missiles, defined as ground-launched ballistic missiles and ground-launched cruise 
missiles with ranges from 500 to 5,550 kilometers. The final declared missile covered 
by the treaty was destroyed in May 1991, but short-notice inspections of INF sites, 
and continual portal monitoring at missile factories at Magna, Utah, and Votkinsk, 
Russia, will continue. While on-site inspections under the INF Treaty will cease 
13 years after the entry into force, on June 1,2001, the treaty has no expiration date 
and the United States and the republics of the former Soviet Union will remain 
under its prohibitions on intermediate-range missiles. 


THRESHOLD TEST BAN TREATY (TTBT) 

Although signed by the Soviet Union and the United States on July 3, 1974, 
the treaty was not ratified for years and did not enter into force until December 11, 
1990. The treaty bans underground testing of nuclear weapons above 150 kilotons 
in yield and allows each side to monitor all nuclear tests. The United States 
conducted two underground nuclear tests in late 1991 and early 1992; Russian 
teams monitored both tests. Since then, the United States and the former Soviet 
Union have each declared and observed a moratorium on nuclear testing. While 
the moratoria have been extended indefinitely, the TTBT itself has a term of five 
years, with extensions of five years automatically added unless one of the parties 
specifically asks for termination. In effect, the treaty has an indefinite length unless 
one of the nations opts to terminate it. 


PEACEFUL NUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS TREATY (PNET) 

The United States and the Soviet Union signed the treaty on May 28, 1976, 
but it did not enter into force until December 11,1990. The PNET restricts nuclear 
explosions of over 150 kilotons for non-weapons purposes, and like the TTBT, has 
a term of five years, with the same automatic extension provisions as the TTBT. 





36 


A Brief History of the On-Site Inspection Agency 


CONVENTIONAL ARMED FORCES IN EUROPE TREATY (CFE) 

Twenty-two countries signed the CFE Treaty on November 19, 1990. 
Provisional entry into force came on July 17, 1992, official entry into force took 
place on 9 November, and the baseline inspection period lasted until November 14, 
1992. The breakup of the Soviet Union and Czechoslovakia, and the establishment 
of new nations eventually brought the number of countries participating in CFE 
to 30. The treaty calls for exchange of military information, reductions in military 
equipment excess to treaty limits, and on-site compliance inspections. The reduction 
period ended in November 1995 and the treaty entered a Residual Level Validation 
Period, or “second baseline,” to confirm that treaty nations have met their reduction 
liabilities. After this, on March 16,1996, the treaty entered an open-ended Residual 
Period, when inspections on a smaller scale will continue to monitor that treaty 
nations remained within their agreed equipment levels. A continuation of the basic 
CFE Treaty, a politically binding agreement called CFE-1A, was signed by the 
treaty parties on July 10,1992. This agreement set limits on the numbers of military 
personnel based in Europe, and entered into force concurrently with the CFE Treaty. 

VIENNA DOCUMENT OF 1994 

The Vienna Document of 1994 expanded on and replaced the Vienna 
Document of 1992, which itself replaced the Vienna Document of 1990. The new 
agreement, signed in December 1994, and entered into force on January 1, 1995, 
included the participation of 52 nations of the Conference on Security and 
Cooperation in Europe (CSCE) which assumed a new name, Organization on 
Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), in December 1994. The agreement 
provides for annual exchange of military information, inspections of military 
facilities, and monitoring of military operations in Europe. 

WYOMING MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING 

On September 23, 1989, Secretary of State James Baker and Soviet Foreign 
Minister Eduard Shevardnadze signed an agreement which established an 
information exchange on chemical weapons and verification inspections between 
the two countries. The agreement entered into force with its signing. The limited 
regime of site visits and inspections ended in December 1994. 

DESTRUCTION COOPERATION AGREEMENT 

The United States and Russia agreed on July 3, 1992, that the United States 
would assist Russia with the destruction of large chemical weapons stockpiles. The 
agreement called for U.S. technical visits and financial assistance to Russia. As it 
was not a treaty, the agreement did not require congressional ratification and entered 
into force with its signing. Congress did, however, have to approve any financial 
aid given to Russia under the agreement. 






A Brief History of the On-Site Inspection Agency 


STRATEGIC ARMS REDUCTION TREATY (START) 

I he START Treaty was signed by the United States and the Soviet Union on 
July 31,1991. Since the breakup of the Soviet Union, the four former Soviet republics 
which possessed nuclear weapons, Russia, Belarus, Ukraine and Kazakstan, agreed 
to abide by the treaty’s provisions in the Lisbon Protocol of May 23,1992. START 
called for reductions in strategic nuclear forces, such as intercontinental ballistic 
missiles and nuclear-capable bombers. To verify the reductions, and the maintenance 
of agreed upon force levels, the treaty allowed on-site inspections of strategic 
weapons locations. The treaty entered into force on December 5,1994. Once entered 
into force, START limitations remain in effect for 15 years. 


DAYTON AGREEMENT 

Following years of ethic fighting in the former Yugoslavia, the United States 
brokered a peace agreement between the warring factions at talks held in Dayton, 
Ohio. The resulting agreement, signed in Paris on December 14, 1995, called for 
cessation of hostilities, and Annex 1-B of the agreement mandated further 
negotiations on confidence and security building measures and arms control. As 
called for in Article II of the annex, the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina 
(which consisted of Bosnian Croats and Bosnian Muslims) and the Republika Srpska 
signed an agreement on January 26,1996 which set up a program of 15 confidence 
and security building measures in Bosnia. This agreement, similar to the Vienna 
Document 1994, included data exchange, visits to military sites, and other measures. 
The Sub-Regional Arms Control Agreement called for in Article IV of Annex T 
B was signed in Florence, Italy on June 14, 1996. In addition to the same parties as 
the Article II agreement, this accord also included the neighboring Republic of 
Croatia and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Modeled after the CFE Treaty, 
the Article IV agreement set maximum force levels, established reduction procedures 
to meet these force levels, and called for the parties to inspect each other to verify 
compliance. While the United States was not a party to these agreements, it did, in 
conjunction with the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, assist 
the Bosnian parties in carrying out the inspection regimes. 


TRILATERAL BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS AGREEMENT 

On September 11, 1992, Russia, the United States, and the United Kingdom 
agreed to allow visits to each other’s facilities to resolve compliance issues with the 
Biological Weapons Convention. OSIA was delegated responsibility for managing 
support for the trilateral agreement on November 15, 1996. 






38 


A Brief History of the On-Site Inspection Agency 


TREATIES AND AGREEMENTS SIGNED, BUT NOT RATIFIED 
OR IMPLEMENTED 

START II TREATY 

This agreement further decreased the levels of strategic nuclear arms the 
signatories could maintain. The adjunct to the START Treaty was signed on January 
3, 1993 by the United States and Russia. The United States ratified the treaty on 
January 26,1996, but as of December 1996, Russia had not yet ratified, so START 
II still awaited entry into force. The new agreement would remain in force as long 
as the original START accord remained in effect. 

OPEN SKIES TREATY 

Originally proposed by President Eisenhower in the 1950s, the concept was 
revived during the Bush administration. The treaty was signed on March 24,1992, 
by representatives of 24 nations, and was later joined by three other nations to 
bring the total number of participants to 27. The Open Skies Treaty allows 
observation overflights of each participating country by aircraft of the participants, 
with restrictions set on the capabilities of the imaging equipment on the aircraft to 
allow smaller countries to afford overflights. Although not yet in force, many trial 
flights have taken place in preparation for the treaty’s implementation. 

DESTRUCTION AND NONPRODUCTION AGREEMENT 

A bilateral chemical weapons agreement signed by the United States and the 
Soviet Union on June 1, 1990, which called for the destruction of most of the 
chemical weapons possessed by the two countries, and prohibited the manufacture 
of further chemical weapons. On-site inspections of chemical weapons storage and 
production facilities were included in the agreement. After the collapse of the Soviet 
Union, Russia assumed the responsibilities of the agreement. 


CHEMICAL WEAPONS CONVENTION (CWC) 

Sponsored by the United Nations, and signed by the United States on January 
13, 1993, the agreement eventually included 160 nations. The CWC prohibited 
the development, production, stockpiling and use of chemical weapons. It also 
included provisions for nations which already possessed chemical weapons to destroy 
their chemical weapons and production facilities under observation of on-site 
inspectors. On October 31,1996, the 65th signatory nation deposited its instrument 
of ratification, starting a 180-day countdown to entry into force. At the end of 
1996, the United States had still not ratified the treaty, which would be necessary 
before U.S. participation in implementation could begin. With or without the United 
States, the CWC would reach entry into force on April 29, 1997. 






A Brief History of the On-Site Inspection Agency 


COMPREHENSIVE TEST BAN TREATY (CTBT) 

Formal negotiations began in the UN Conference on Disarmament in January 
1994. The resulting treaty was opened for signature in the United Nations on 
September 24, 1996, and signed by the United States on that date. The CTBT 
bans all nuclear test explosions, and calls for monitoring of compliance through 
several methods, including seismic monitoring, national technical means, and on¬ 
site inspection of questionable events. As of December 1996,137 nations had signed 
the CTBT. 






A Brief History of the On-Site Inspection Agency 






A Brief History of the On-Site Inspection Agency 


Further References 


Harahan, Dr. Joseph P., On-Site Inspections Under the INF Treaty. Washington D.C.: 
U.S. Government Printing Office, 1993. 

Harahan, Joseph P., and John C. Kuhn, III, On-Site Inspections Under the CFE 
Treaty. Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1996. 

Treaty Between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 
on the Elimination oj Their Intermediate-Range and Shorter-Range Missiles, with the 
Memorandum oj Understanding Regarding the Establishment of the Data Base for the 
Treaty, Protocol on Procedures Governing the Elimination of the Missile Systems Subject 
to the Treaty, and Protocol Regarding Inspections Relating to the Treaty. Washington, 
D.C.:U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs, December 1987. 

Treaty Between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 
on the Limitation oj' Underground Nuclear Weapons Tests and the Treaty Between the 
United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on Underground 
Nuclear Explosions for Peaceful Purposes. Washington, D.C.: ACDA and OSIA, 
1990. 

Treaty Between the United States of America and the Union oj'Soviet Socialist Republics 
on the Reduction and Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms. Washington, D.C.iU.S. 
Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs, Dispatch Supplement, vol. 2, no. 5, 
October 1991. 

Treaty Between the Twenty Two Sovereign Nations of the Reduction of Their 
Conventional Armed Forces in Europe. Washington, D.C.: On-Site Inspection 
Agency, 19 November 1990. 

Vienna Document 1992 of the Negotiations on Conjidence-and Security-Building 
Measures Convened in Accordance with the Relevant Provisions of the Concluding 
Document of the Vienna Meeting of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe. 

Treaty on Open Skies. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1992. 

The Convention on the Prohibition of Development, Production, Stockpiling, and Use of 
Chemical Weapons and on Their Destruction. Washington, D.C.iU.S. Government 
Printing Office, 1993. 






A Brief History of the On-Site Inspection Agency 






43 


A Brief History of the On-Site Inspection Agency 


OSIAWeb Site 


For more information on the On-Site Inspection Agency, visit the OSIALink, 
the Agency’s site on the World Wide Web. The address is http://www.osia.mil. 


□ 


On-Site Inspection Agency 


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1 Back | IQ Reload"! For jrd | | Q Search] EF Prefs | \& Hixne "| Help ] 


| Address ▼ || http ;//ww,osia mil/ 


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Operations 

Defense Treaty Inspection 
Readiness Program 

Acquisition 

Personnel 
Public Affairs 
History 

The Director of the On-Sat Inspection A gency fOSIAV Brig adier General Thomas E Kuennm g. Jr. U S Air Force, velcomesyouto OSIALink - 
OSIA's Home Page onthe World Wide Web OSIA is a jouil-service De partment of Defense organisation responsible for implemerling inspection, 
escort and monitoring activities associated wth a number of international arms control treaties end confidence-building agreements OSIALink offers a 
vide range of information aboi* the Agency and its mission. From this page you can learn about OSIA o perations, the arms control security 
countermeasures program knovn as the Defense Treaty Inspection Readiness Pro g ram, the Agency's acq uisition services, and personnel information 
such as job vacancies You can also access a comprehensive presere at ion of OSIA public affairs information and historical documerts 

tTiiii 



i 


Also available are two books published by the On-Site Inspection Agency: 

On-Site Inspections Under the INF Treaty. Washington D.C.: U.S. Government 
Printing Office, 1993, and On-Site Inspections Under the CFE Treaty. Washington 
D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1996. 



ON-SITE INSPECTIONS 
UNDER THE INF TREA TY 




































































































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